Thursday, April 25, 2013

T. S. Eliot Poems


Journey Of The Magi by T. S. Eliot

'A cold coming we had of it,
Just the worst time of the year
For a journey, and such a journey:
The ways deep and the weather sharp,
The very dead of winter.'
And the camels galled, sore-footed,
refractory,
Lying down in the melting snow.
There were times we regretted
The summer palaces on slopes, the
terraces,
And the silken girls bringing sherbet.

Then the camel men cursing and
grumbling
And running away, and wanting their
liquor and women,
And the night-fires going out, and the
lack of shelters,
And the cities hostile and the towns
unfriendly
And the villages dirty and charging high
prices:
A hard time we had of it.
At the end we preferred to travel all
night,
Sleeping in snatches,
With the voices singing in our ears,
saying
That this was all folly.

Then at dawn we came down to a
temperate valley,
Wet, below the snow line, smelling of
vegetation;
With a running stream and a water-mill
beating the darkness,
And three trees on the low sky,
And an old white horse galloped in
away in the meadow.
Then we came to a tavern with
vine-leaves over the lintel,
Six hands at an open door dicing for
pieces of silver,
And feet kicking the empty wine-skins.
But there was no imformation, and so
we continued
And arrived at evening, not a moment
too soon
Finding the place; it was (you may say)
satisfactory.

All this was a long time ago, I
remember,
And I would do it again, but set down
This set down
This: were we led all that way for
Birth or Death? There was a Birth,
certainly,
We had evidence and no doubt. I had
seen birth and death,
But had thought they were different;
this Birth was
Hard and bitter agony for us, like
Death, our death.
We returned to our places, these
Kingdoms,
But no longer at ease here, in the old
dispensation,
With an alien people clutching their
gods.
I should be glad of another death.


_____________________________________________________________________________________ 

Macavity

Macavity's a Mystery Cat: he's called the Hidden Paw--
For he's the master criminal who can defy the Law.
He's the bafflement of Scotland Yard, the Flying Squad's despair:
For when they reach the scene of crime--Macavity's not there!

Macavity, Macavity, there's no on like Macavity,
He's broken every human law, he breaks the law of gravity.
His powers of levitation would make a fakir stare,
And when you reach the scene of crime--Macavity's not there!
You may seek him in the basement, you may look up in the air--
But I tell you once and once again, Macavity's not there!

Macavity's a ginger cat, he's very tall and thin;
You would know him if you saw him, for his eyes are sunken in.
His brow is deeply lined with thought, his head is highly doomed;
His coat is dusty from neglect, his whiskers are uncombed.
He sways his head from side to side, with movements like a snake;
And when you think he's half asleep, he's always wide awake.

Macavity, Macavity, there's no one like Macavity,
For he's a fiend in feline shape, a monster of depravity.
You may meet him in a by-street, you may see him in the square--
But when a crime's discovered, then Macavity's not there!

He's outwardly respectable. (They say he cheats at cards.)
And his footprints are not found in any file of Scotland Yard's.
And when the larder's looted, or the jewel-case is rifled,
Or when the milk is missing, or another Peke's been stifled,
Or the greenhouse glass is broken, and the trellis past repair--
Ay, there's the wonder of the thing! Macavity's not there!

And when the Foreign Office finds a Treaty's gone astray,
Or the Admiralty lose some plans and drawings by the way,
There may be a scap of paper in the hall or on the stair--
But it's useless of investigate--Macavity's not there!
And when the loss has been disclosed, the Secret Service say:
"It must have been Macavity!"--but he's a mile away.
You'll be sure to find him resting, or a-licking of his thumbs,
Or engaged in doing complicated long division sums.

Macavity, Macavity, there's no one like Macacity,
There never was a Cat of such deceitfulness and suavity.
He always has an alibit, or one or two to spare:
And whatever time the deed took place--MACAVITY WASN'T THERE!
And they say that all the Cats whose wicked deeds are widely known
(I might mention Mungojerrie, I might mention Griddlebone)
Are nothing more than agents for the Cat who all the time
Just controls their operations: the Napoleon of Crime!


_______________________________________________________________
Old Deuteronomy

Old Deuteronomy's lived a long time;
He's a Cat who has lived many lives in succession.
He was famous in proverb and famous in rhyme
A long while before Queen Victoria's accession.
Old Deuteronomy's buried nine wives
And more - I am tempted to say, ninety-nine;
And his numerous progeny prospers and thrives
And the village is proud of him in his decline.
At the sight of that placid and bland physiognomy,
When he sits in the sun on the vicarage wall,
The Oldest Inhabitant croaks: `Well, of all ...
Things ... Can it be ... really! ... No! ... Yes! ...
Ho! hi!
Oh, my eye!
My sight may be failing, but yet I confess
I believe it is Old Deuteronomy!'

Old Deuteronomy sits in the street,
He sits in the High Street on market day;
The bullocks may bellow, the sheep they may bleat,
But the dogs and the herdsmen will turn them away.
The cars and the lorries run over the kerb,
Andthe villagers put up a notice: ROAD CLOSED -
So that nothing untoward may chance to disturb
Deuteronomy's rest when he feels so disposed
Or when he's engaged in domestic economy:
And the Oldest Inhabitant croaks: `Well, of all ...
Things ... Can it be ... really! ... No! ... Yes! ...
Ho! hi!
Oh, my eye!
I'm deaf of an ear now, but yeat I can guess
That the cause of the trouble is Old Deuteronomy!'

Old Deuteronomy lies on the floor
Of the fox and French Horn for his afternoon sleep;
And when the men say: `There's just time for one more,'
then the landlady from her back parlour will peep
And say: `Now then, out you go, by the back door,
For Old Deuteronomy mustn't be woken -
I'll have the police if there's any uproar' -
And out they all shuffle, without a work spoken.
The digestive repose of that feline's gastronomy
Must never be broken, whatever befall:
And the Oldest Inhabitant croaks: `Well of all ...
Things ... Can it be ... really! ... Yes! ... No! ...
Ho! hi!
Oh, my eye!
My legs may be tottery, I must go slow
And be careful of Old Deuteronomy!'


_________________________________________________________________________________

Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat

There's a whisper down the line at 11:39
When the Night Mail's ready to depart,
Saying 'Skimble where is Skimble has he gone to hunt the thimble?
We must find him or the train can't start.'
All the guards and all the porters and the stationmaster's daughters
They are searching high and low,
Saying 'Skimble where is Skimble for unless he's very nimble
Then the Night Mail just can't go.'
At 11:42 then the signal's nearly due
And the passengers are frantic to a man -
Then Skimble will appear and he'll saunter to the rear:
He's been busy in the luggage van!
He gives one flash of his glass-green eyes
And the signal goes 'All Clear!'
And we're off at last for the northern part
Of the Northern Hemisphere!

You may say that by and large it is Skimble who's in charge
Of the Sleeping Car Express.
From the driver and the guards to the bagmen playing cards
He will supervise them all, more or less.
Down the corridor he paces and examines all the faces
Of the travellers in the First and in the Third;
He establishes control by a regular patrol
And he'd know at once if anything occurred.
He will watch you without winking and he sees what you are thinking
And it's certain that he doesn't approve
Of hilarity and riot, so the folk are very quiet
When Skimble is about and on them ove.
You can play no pranks with Skimbleshanks!
He's a Cat that cannot be ignored;
So nothing goes wrong on the Northern Mail
When Skimbleshanks is aboard.

Oh it's very pleasant when you have found your little den
With your name written up on the door.
And the berth is very neat with a newly folded sheet
And there's not a speck of dust on the floor.
There is every sort of light - you can make it dark or bright;
There's a button that you turn to make a breeze.
There's a funny little basin you're supposed to wash your face in
And a crank to shut the window if you sneeze.
Then the guard looks in politely and will ask you very brightly
'Do you like your morning tea weak or strong?'
But Skimble's just behind him and was ready to remind him,
For Skimble won't let anything go wrong.
And when you creep into your cosy berth
And pull up the counterpane,
You are bound to admit that it's very nice
To know that you won't be bothered by mice -
You can leave all that to the Railway Cat,
The Cat of the Railway Train!

In the middle of the night he is always fresh and bright;
Every now and then he has a cup of tea
With perhaps a drop of Scotch while he's keeping on the watch,
Only stopping here and there to catch a flea.
You were fast asleep at Crewe and so you never knew
That he was walking up and down the station;
You were sleeping all the while he was busy at Carlisle,
Where he greets the stationmaster with elation.
But you saw him at Dumfries, where he summons the police
If there's anything they ought to know about:
When you get to Gallowgate there you do not have to wait -
For Skimbleshanks will help you to get out!
He gives you a wave of his long brown tail
Which says: 'I'll see you again!
You'll meet without fail on the Midnight Mail
The Cat of the Railway Train.'




Spring Grammar Test


Spring Grammar Test

Punctuate the following sentences with the necessary commas.  (50 points)
1.           If the ground hog sees his shadow on February 2there will be six weeks more of winter.
2.           Napoleon Emperor of France sold the Louisiana Territory for fifteen million dollars.
3.           “Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 the teacher said.
4.           My new running shoes which coast more than a hundred dollars fell apart during the race.
5.           The clock which had been ticking very loudly burst a spring and flew off the wall.
6.           Whenever you go go quickly.
7.           No you may not have an extension on your homework assignment.
8.           I told her not to eat the fresh bread but she didn’t pay attention because she was so hungry.
9.           It was midnight but it did not seem so late so we went out for dinner.
10.       Although we have freedom of speech in our country we cannot make false statements about others.
11.       One day Joshua caught a pike a bass and a sunfish.
12.       The constellation the Little Dipper has a Latin name Ursa Minor
13.       “Let’s do this together “ I urged. 
14.       I lent some money to Earl whose house was destroyed in the flood.
15.       I am going to bed and I am planning on reading this book.
16.       Denise was upset that she could not go to London but she chose to save her money in order to pay for college.
17.       Why we expected him to win the election.
18.       What is right is right.
19.       Well the decision has been made and we have to live with it.
20.       She wanted to go to bed and read her new book but she didn’t realize that it had fallen behind the sofa.
21.       She did not eat the cookies nor did she eat the candy.
22.       John Wayne who appeared in over 200 movies was the biggest box-office attraction of his time.
23.       He said Sound takes about five seconds to go a mile.”
24.       Zeus the greatest of the Greek gods was known as Jupiter by the Romans
25.       If you visit Washington you will see the Declaration of Independence.
26.       Before my aunt came from Chicago we bought tickets to the community play because I was in it.
27.       Aesop the famous story teller lived in Greece.
28.       Asia Africa and North America are the three largest continents.
29.       Jack is going to the movie about World War II so he may be home late because it a three hour long movie.
30.       Driving home from the party Paul and I got lost.
31.       Feeling sick Debbie complained about going to school and her mother let her stay home.
32.       Melissa was sick so she left the party early. 
33.       Because I hardly studied I know nothing about commas.
34.       Did Mom go to the concert or did Dad go alone? 
35.       Discovering the book under the chair she went to the den and read until dinner time. 
36.       When I couldn’t find the cookies I ate an apple  but my brother ate some candy. 
37.       If you work hard you will be a “Master of the Comma.” 

Essay Rewrite


Essay Rewrite

Definition
The purpose of this essay is to improve editing skills by rewriting a previously written essay.  Effective editing is a step-by-step process.  One key is to re-read a paper multiple times, looking for only one kind of error at a time.


Editing Plan
As you re-read your paper, look for any errors in the following areas:
·       Complete sentences:  Each sentence should have a subject, verb, and a complete thought.  Look for incomplete and run-on/comma splice sentences.
·       Parallel Constructions:  Faulty parallel construction leads to unclear and awkward sentences.
·       There are/is/was/will be, etc.:  Any sentences with this type of construction must be changed.
·       Punctuation:  Pay close attention to commas and ending punctuation.
·       Agreement:  Make sure all subjects and verbs agree; also look for noun/pronoun agreement.
·       Spelling:  With the spell check function for most word processing software, this is not as much of a problem as it used to be.  However, your computer will not know if you’ve put the wrong word in, or it may autocorrect and change the word from the one you intended.
·       Paragraph construction:  Each paragraph must have a main idea.  Make sure that all of the thoughts expressed in the paragraph are part of that main idea.  Do any sentences need to be moved to another paragraph?  Does the paragraph need to be divided into smaller paragraphs?
·       Organization:  Is the overall organization of the paper logical?  Does each point lead to the next?  Should it be rearranged?
·       Content:  The essay should give sufficient information to support your thesis. Have you included enough background information?  Have you satisfactorily covered the material?  As you re-read, look for ways to expand your essay.  Also, note any information that seems unnecessary. 


Thesis Development
Your essay should have a clearly defined thesis that you explain and support.  Sometimes a thesis is simple and straightforward; sometimes they are more complex.  Your reader should never be confused as to your topic and your decided opinion or stand on that topic.    


Additional Assignment
Along with a revised and improved version of a previous essay, the following are also to be included:
  Thesis Statement
  One paragraph entitled “What I’ve Learned as a Writer this Year.”  (100 – 200 words) This paragraph can include thoughts about grammar and mechanics, organization, thesis development, sentence structures, etc.

Essay Guidelines
Due date:  May 1 (Week 14)
Essay length:  500 – 700 words (between 2 and 4 pages)
Additional work:  Thesis statement and a paragraph about what you’re learned as a writer.
Final draft format:
Typed (if this is not possible, please let me know)
1 inch margins
Name and date on the upper right hand corner
Number the pages on the lower right hand corner
Title centered above the text of the essay

Writing 2 Class Notes -- April 24 (Week 13)

Greetings!

We covered a lot in class this week.  As we near the end of the semester, we'll do more reviewing and "winding down" with regards to our material and activities.  For the the Quick Write this week, I asked the students to respond to the following question:  "Would you rather fly or be invisible?  Why?"  Students chose either one or both or neither.  

Our Latin Phrases were
de facto -- in reality/fact (this phrase is used when a situation may appear to be one way, but "in reality" is different)
de gustibus non est disputandum -- There's no accounting for one's taste.  (literally, "about taste there is no dispute)
Dei gratia -- by the grace of God

They handed in their Evaluation Essays along with their rough drafts, thesis statement, reasons for 5 corrections and reverse outline.  (If any of these items were missing, they can still e-mail them to me by the Saturday.)  Our final writing assignment for this class is an Essay Rewrite of a previous essay.  We talked at length about how to choose the essay to rewrite.  In the handout I gave them, they have a list of steps for editing.  They should consider the final drafts of their previously written essays to be the "rough draft" for this assignment.  When they hand in their re-writes, I also want them to hand in those "rough drafts."  In addition to the papers, I want them to hand in on a separate piece of paper their thesis statements and another paragraph entitled, "What  I've Learned as a Writer this Year."  This paragraph can include specific grammar and writing strategies but should also be a thoughtful reflection about their own growth as writers.

For our poetry discussion, we read one of T. S. Eliot's cat poems, "Macavity."  We discussed why we liked it.  Not only was it a cute poem about a cat being a master criminal, but it had a good sense of rhyme and rhythm.  This gave me the opportunity to discuss poetic feet and iams.  This poem is  written in iambic septameter.  For next week, they are to choose poems for a Poetry Recitation.  These can be poems from the book or from another source.  It can also be an original.  The only guideline is that it must be at least 8 lines long. 

For the last 30 minutes of the class, we got to the part that they had been somewhat dreading throughout the class:  the Grammar and Writing Tests.  We completed the grammar test in class, and the writing portion is to be done at home.  The grammar test was only on proper comma placement since that was the area on which we focused for most of this semester.  The writing test requires them to fix some poorly written sentences.  The first question on the writing test was bugging some of the students (I took it from a an exercise book.)  They can change whatever they want to make it more pleasing.

On the last day of class, we will have a final Final Exam, of sorts.  I know it's a bit unconventional, but I use a Bingo game to review our literature, grammar, and writing strategies.  I will supply a large selection of prizes, but I'd also like them to each bring in a "Bingo prize" to share.  It can be a "White Elephant" and should be wrapped.  We'll discuss this a little more next week.

Assignments for Next Week
-- Essay Rewrite which includes
     -- copy of previously written essay
     -- thesis statement
     -- paragraph entitled,  "What  I've Learned as a Writer this Year."
-- Choose a poem to recite in class

This week's blogs
Class Notes
Spring Grammar Test
Spring Writing Test
Essay Rewrite

We may finally be able to put away the winter coats and boots this weekend!
Have a great week,
Mrs. Prichard

Saturday, April 20, 2013

Grammar Review for Week 13 Quiz

Next Week, we'll have a quiz/test to review some of the grammar we've covered this year in Writing 2.  Be prepared for questions and exercises that deal with the following topics:

Compound sentences
FANBOYS
Comma Usage:  introductory elements, restrictive clauses, appositives, parenthetical comments, items in a series, in addresses and dates
Period Usage
Semicolon Usage
Colon Usage
Pronoun/ Noun agreement
Parallel construction

Writing 2 Class Notes -- April 17 (Week 12)

Greetings!

We had a good class this week.  For the Quick Write, the students wrote responses to the following prompt:  See how many adverbs you can come up with to modify the verb in the following sentence: 'I _______ wrote  my research paper in twenty minutes.' "  They came up with quite a variety of words.

Our Latin phrases this week were:
caveat emptor -- Let the buyer beware.
cave canem -- Beware the dog.
cf. or confer -- to compare (often used in scholarly texts)

I handed back the rough drafts of their Evaluation  Essay.  We spent quite a bit of class time going over common errors found in the papers.  As I've said before, one of the best ways to learn grammar is as a student is writing.  Otherwise, grammar and mechanics are just theory.  For their final drafts, I would like them to write a "reverse outline."  This kind of outline is written after the rough draft is written but before the final draft is completed. It's a helpful tool because it gives the writer a sense his organization, especially if there are any flaws.

We talked over some Poetry this week by Anne Bradstreet and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. I hadn't mentioned it to them, but April is National Poetry Month; in fact, Thursday, April 18, was "Poem in Your Pocket Day."  

Assignments for Next Week:
-- Read the following from the poetry book:
     Whitman (p. 22 - 26); Dickinson (p. 29 - 32); Wilcox (p. 33); Thayer (p. 34); Dunbar (p. 41 - 43)
     No poetry worksheets
-- Final Draft of Evaluation Essay, including
     Reverse Outline
     Final Copy
     Thesis Statement
     5 Reasons for Corrections
     Citations
-- Review the punctuation handouts; Grammar Quiz/Test next week.

This week's blog:
Class Notes
Grammar Review

Have a great week!
Mrs. Prichard

Friday, April 12, 2013

Writing 2 Class Notes -- April 3 (Week 10)

Greetings!

Rumor has it that it's snowed in Minnesota.  I"m spending a long weekend in Florida where it's sunny, and the beach is wonderful. Hopefully the snow will be short-lived and we, too, will have some warmth and sunshine.  Because I'm on a "vacation," my Class Notes will be brief:

Quick Write:  Taken from a Story Starters book, the prompt was "This is just awful," said the detective as the stormed moved closer.

Latin Phrases:  beati pacifici (blessed are the peacemakers); bona fide (in good faith); casus belli (cause of war); carpe diem (seize the day)

Grammar:  We discussed 10 uses for the period (.).  I'm working our way through various bits of punctuation, and we will have a test in 3 weeks.

Literature:  We read 2 European short stories that both seemed a bit bittersweet:  "A Piece of String" by du Maupassant and "With Other Eyes" by Pirandello.  Both stories had themes related to the thoughts and perceptions of others.

Writing:  We discussed again their next essay which is an Evaluation Essay.  These essays are a bit of a composite of some of the other formats we've done this year.  They may need to do some research for this.  We will talk next week about how to cite the books, websites, or periodicals from which they've gotten information.  For now, I've told them to keep track of where they get their information.

Assignments for Next Week:
-- Write the rough draft of the Evaluation Essay
-- Review Uses for the comma notes from class.
-- Read the short stories by Sherwood Anderson, Nella Larsen, and Thomas Hardy
-- No story worksheets this week -- put your extra time into your rough draft.

I hope I didn't forget anything.  I'll enjoy the sunshine and ocean here in Florida while you do your best to enjoy your snow!


Blessings,
Mrs. Prichard


Writing 2 Class Notes -- April 10 (Week 11)

Greetings!

We had a good class this week.  The students were payed close attention during the instruction and engaged in discussion about our literature.  The Quick Write prompt had 2 parts:  1) "My favorite number is ______ because ________." and 2) Write a formula for something/anything.  We talked about how formulas are like recipes for numbers.  Again, they were quite creative.  

The Latin phrases for today might be familiar to some parents:  circa (about/ around); cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am.); and compos mentis (of sound/composed mind).  

We're continuing to discuss Punctuation, and I presented to them the uses for the semicolon and the colon.  They were to take notes, which will help them prepare for an end of the semester grammar test.  Already curious about what will be on the test, I assured them that it wouldn't be too hard.  I'll put on the test the punctuation information that we've discussed along with some material from last semester. 
We discussed our Short Stories today.  We talked at length about Nella Larsen's story "Sanctuary."  In this story, an older, black woman hides a man who is in trouble; it turns out that this man's trouble is that he's accidentally killed this woman's son.  The story is written with southern dialect which made it a colorful story. 
Next week we'll go back to Poetry.  Poems don't take as long to read, but take more care and effort to "unpack."  When we discuss these poems, we all need to put our "thinking caps" on.

They handed in their rough drafts for their Evaluation Essays.  These are more complicated essays, and I look forward to reading them.

Assignments for Next Week:
-- Read the poems from the following poets:  
     Anne Bradstreet, Phylis Wheately, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
-- Review notes taken in class about the period, semicolon, and colon.
-- Write one college essay.  Choosing either a Entrance Essay suggestions or ACT/SAT prompts, write for 25 minutes.  If a student is writing essays for a college prep class, he can use if for this class, too.

Last week's blogs:
Class Notes(Week 10)
10 uses of the Period

This week's blogs
Class Notes (Week 11)
4 uses of the semicolon
10 uses of the colon

It appears that winter wants a "do-over."  Stay safe and keep warm!
Mrs. Prichard

10 Uses for the Colon

One of my favorite grammar resources is Grammar Girl.  She gives "Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing."  Her comments and instruction are brief, concise, and to the point.  On her page for colons, she quotes a book, Punctuate it Right, as saying that the author calls it the mark of expectation or addition because the colon signals that what comes next is directly related to the previous sentence.  One of the key points to remember is that you use colons only after statements that are complete sentences.  Never use a colon after a sentence fragment.  A colon is used to indicate a list but also for miscellaneous uses.

10 Uses for the Colon

1.  Use a colon after an independent clause to tell the reader that a list will follow.
     Ex.  She brought her school supplies to class:  notebooks, pens, and textbooks.
            His writing teacher explained to him how he could improve:  write, write, write.

2.  Use a colon to introduce something that the independent clause preceding it has promised by has not yet delivered.  Colons deliver material hinted at previously or gives asnwers to questions the reader has after reading the words before it.
     Ex.  We finally understood why we couldn't communicate:  he talked to much, and I never listened.

3.  Use a colon before a series of items.
     Ex.  As we put the program together, we asked ourselves:  Who is the audience?  What do they need to know?  How many people will attend?

4.  A colon is used before a quotation that is referred to in the preceding independent clause.  It is included as a part of the sentence.
     Ex.  "Was it Patrick Henry who said this:  'Give me liberty or give me death.'?"

5.  After an independent clause, a colon is often used to lead into a direct quotation.
     Ex.  The sign on the grocery store read:  "Ample parking in the back."

6.   Use the colon in salutations in formal letters to those you don't know very well.
     Ex.  Dear Mr. Downhill:          Dear Dr. Overhill:          Sirs: 

7.  Colons are used for ratios.
     Ex.  a ratio of 12:1          a slim margin of 6:5

8.  A colon separates a title from a subtitle.
     Ex.  Plain English:  Grammar for Dummies          Pirates of the Caribbean:  Dead Man's Chest

9.  A colon separates chapters and verses in biblical references.
     Ex.  Luke 4: 31 - 44           Genesis 2: 6 - 9

10.  Bibliographies require a colon between the city in which the book was published and the publishing company.
     Ex.  New York:  Random House, 2001.          Boston:  Little, Brown, 1998.

Remember this general rule:  If a full sentence comes after your colon, capitalize the first letter in that sentence.  If a list or a fragment comes after your colon, do not capitalize the first word.




 

4 Uses for the Semicolon


People who use the semicolon correctly may appear to be more skilled and mature than their counterparts.  The well-placed semicolon says, "I know what I'm doing."












4 Uses for the Semicolon

1.  Use the semicolon to join independent/main clauses.  Individual sentences (independent clauses) can be joined in two ways.  Firstly, you can use a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) and a comma. (Ex.  I like to read, and she likes to write.)  Another method of joining two sentences is with a semicolon.  (Ex.  I like to read; she likes to write.  Sentences joined with semicolons should be closely related, and the writer wants to combine the two complete thoughts into one.
     Note:  In class, I have compared joining two sentences into one using the semicolon with a Reeces's peanut butter cup.  You have two distinct flavors that combine in one mouthful of delicious goodness.

2.  Use the semicolon to join independent clauses when you want to use transitional elements like furthermore, however, moreover, etc.  Transition words are not required to use the semicolon (see #1.)  Using semicolons with transition words helps you to move smoothly between ideas.  You can use conjunctive adverbs (ex. also, anyway, besides, finally, however, nevertheless, therefore, consequently, etc.) or transition phrases (ex.  as a result, for example, in fact, in other words, in summary, on the other hand, etc.)
     Ex.  Elizabeth was sick; otherwise, she would have been in class.

3.  Semicolons are used when linking lists after a colon when the items in the list are phrases or have internal punctuation.
     Ex.  I had a great breakfast:  eggs with spinach, onions, and peppers; hickory-cured bacon; pancakes with blueberries from Maine; Belgian waffles, my mother's signature recipe;  and quick-cooked grits made with garlic and cheddar cheese.

4.  Semicolons join a short series of sentences.
     Ex.  I came; I saw; I conquered.
            One flew east; one rode west; one hid in the barn.

PS.  I love it when writing and math collide!


10 Uses for the Period


“...punctuation marks are the traffic signals of language: they tell us to slow down, notice this, take a detour, and stop.” 
― Lynne Truss "Eats Shoots Leaves"


One of my goals for the class this semester has been to make them "Masters of the Comma."  That elusive little bit of punctuation causes the most trouble in their writing.  Contrary to popular opinion, you don't just throw one in every time you would pause or take a breath.  We have some pretty clear guidelines about its usage that also involves knowing more about other grammar topics.

The period, on the other hand, is much more straightforward.  Below are the 10 uses for the period.  And, yes, there will be a test on these.

1.  Place a period at the end of a declarative sentence, at the end of an indirect questions, and at the end of an imperative sentence that does not express strong emotion.

2.  Place a period after a request.  A question mark is not used.
        Ex.  May I have your opinion on the subject.

3.  Place a period after an abbreviation that stands for a single word.
     Ex.  John Jones and Co.          Mrs. Jameson
            Jan. 6                               Wireless, Inc.
     Note:  The trend is to eliminate periods in abbreviations, especially in measurements:
          lb or lb.          hr or hr.          oz or oz.          mph or m.p.h.          yd or yd.
     Note:  When the last word in a sentence is abbreviated, one period will suffice.
          Ex.  We plan to meet at 9 a.m.
     Note:  Before a colon or semicolon, the period for an abbreviation is omitted.
          Ex.  The instructions came from Fox Bros. Ltd:  Never use the materials without the proper equipment.
                 
4.  Periods are used after initials representing full names. (ex.  John Q. Smith) For some famous names, the periods may be omitted. (ex.  FDR, JFK)  In monograms periods are always omitted.

5.  Place periods after letters or figures in an outline when they mark the chief division of a subject.  Omit the periods when the letters or figures are in parentheses.  Periods are also used when making lists with either numbers or letters.
     Ex.  I.
              A.
                  1.
                     a.
                        (1)
                            (a)

6.  Place a period before a decimal.
     Ex.  $20.58          .05          12.6           .8398798

7.  A period may be used in place of the colon when denoting hours and minutes or in dates
     Ex.  10.15 for 10:15          4.03.13 for 4-3-13 or 4/3/13

8.  Place a period inside the parentheses when they enclose an independent sentence.
     Ex.  The firm was founded a few years ago.  (I am not sure about the exact date.)

9.  Use three periods separated by spaces to denote an omission in quoted matter.  When the omission occurs at the end of a sentence, the sentence period is retained as well.  Use seven periods spaced across the page to denote the omission of one or more paragraphs of quoted material.
     Ex.  Henry Clay declared that the proposal was agreeable . . . if respectable and efficient.

10.  Periods are used in web addresses and e-mails.
     Ex.  myname@funmail.com          www.google.com